The data show that aggression toward neighboring countries generally favors Russian President Vladimir Putin at home. The rapid improvement in attitudes toward Putin and the lack of lasting consequences could explain why the Kremlin repeats even ineffective tactics. The potential payoff is high. Maintaining power is a life-or-death matter for Putin today. The cost to both leadership and the Russian public has not dissuaded either that aggression abroad is unwise.

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Putin’s approval rate and aggression abroad

Putin’s approval rate and aggression abroad

Putin’s approval and Russian aggression abroad

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